Registration of 3D marks in light of the Gömböc judgement
Words and logos are not the only signs that can be registered as trademarks but one can also apply for registration of a product shape as a trademark. There are, however, certain restraints on the registrability of such signs. A shape that is necessary to obtain a technical result or a shape that gives substantial value to the product cannot be registered in the EU. The CJEU tried to clarify what this means in the Gömböc judgement that has recently been released.
A Hungarian company wanted to register a national three-dimensional mark consisting of the shape of decorative products they produced (see the picture). What is special about these products is that they are always in equilibrium due to their convex homogeneous body with one stable and one unstable point which is the result of certain mathematical laws. The referring court asked whether the necessity of the shape to obtain a technical result is determined on the basis of the graphic representation alone or may the perception of the relevant public also be taken into account. The CJEU ruled that other useful information can also be taken into account but they need to be objective and reliable (such as the product descriptions, data regarding previous IP rights, surveys and expert opinions, etc.). Since the assessment of the relevant public is necessarily subjective to a certain extent, potentially giving rise to uncertainty, such information cannot be taken into account in determining the technical function of the product.
The CJEU also dealt with the absolute ground for refusal of a shape which gives substantial value to the product. The national court asked whether this absolute ground is applicable when it can only be established on the basis of the perception or knowledge of the buyer. The Court answered that this can be taken into consideration, but only when it is apparent from objective and reliable evidence that the consumer’s decision to purchase the product is to a large extent determined by an essential characteristic of that shape. Finally, the CJEU also decided on the question whether the shape of the product protected by design right is automatically excluded from trademark protection. The Court clarified that the fact that the appearance of a product is protected as a design does not prevent a sign consisting of the shape of that product from benefiting from protection under trademark law, provided that the conditions for registration of that sign as a trademark are satisfied. The CJEU thus issued another important decision in which it confirmed the possibility of IP rights cumulation and coexistence.
See the discussion on this and some other trademark cases issued by the CJEU in the past year here.
The Internet Archive is a non-profit organization that maintains the Open Library, a digital library index, and is dedicated to preserving knowledge. As many of the works in the Internet Archive are under copyright, the Archive uses a system of controlled digital lending based on digital rights management to prevent unauthorized downloading or copying of copyrighted books. In March 2020, due to the circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, the Internet Archive established the National Emergency Library, eliminating the waiting lists used in the Open Library and expanding access to books for all readers. In June 2020, the Emergency National Library faced a lawsuit from four book publishers and was ultimately closed.
The 43rd session of the WIPO Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (hereinafter SCCR) made substantial progress on the issues advocated by the A2K Coalition (Access to Knowledge Coalition), which IPI is a member of. This year’s session was the most productive on the issues of exceptions and limitations. James Love (Knowledge Ecology International), a long-time observer at WIPO, described the outcome and the impact of the public interest community as the strongest since the conclusion of the Marrakech Treaty, which brought global copyright exceptions for the benefit of the blind and visually impaired.
Today, March 17, 2023, a symposium on law in the information society is taking place in the golden lecture hall of the Faculty of Law in Ljubljana. Dr. Maja Bogataj Jančič will present copyright aspects of artificial intelligence at the symposium.
The third day of the 43rd session of the WIPO Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights is intended for discussion on the topic of exceptions and limitations to copyright, especially in connection with the right to research.